Engineering construction materials pdf

Jan Marielle Landicho. Yohan Lim. Sivaganesh Selvaraj. Patel Hiral. Gen Garayanala. Nishan Medhi. Md Ishteyaque. Earl Justine Ocuaman. Jefren Tarnate. Jezza Nuguit Regonios. Karl Aaron. Rohit Kabra. Reyna Paula Latorza Cerbito. Alna Jae.

M Shumraiz Sharif. Wild Rift. Mae Tada. Sandi Okta Prayoga. Rabeh Aouaouche. Naisyla Ramadhani. Christian Jay Horserada. Mary Joy Azon. Popular in Nature. Rene Paredes. Hai Nam. Aryan Tomar. Carl Angelo Suaybaguio. Lorenzo Rodriguez. Zulkarnain Dahalan. Akiele Davis. Villan Jeffrey. Munaf Tisekar. Salih Hassan. Jeff Jabe. Athena Gwen. Mann Kaur. Keeth Dilendy. Venkatraman Krishnan. Kassandra Marr. In wrought iron corrosion will be large. It is the most common type of iron used in engineering.

Steel: Steels are the large family of metals which consists mostly of iron and other elements usually carbon ranging 0. Steel goes harder and tougher with a n increase in carbon content up to 1. When a force is subjected to an engineering material it may result in translation, rotation and deformation of that material. Aspects of translation and rotation of materials are deled by engineering dynamics. We restrict our cells here to the subject of materials under deformation forces.

For example when using a rope to lift a load. For example a column that supports an overhead beam is in compression. Shear force can separate the materials by sliding part of it in one direction and rest of part is in opposite direction. Shear stress in this case is the function of applied torque. Shear strain is related to the angle of twist. In short torsion is twisting any object due to an applied torque.

Permanent deformation is irreversible and stays even after the removal of applied forces such a deformation is called as plastic deformation while the temporary deformation is reversible and disappears after the removal of applied forces such a deformation is called as elastic deformation.

So elastic deformation is recoverable. Both kinds of deformation can be a function of time or independent of time. Inelastic Deformation: Time dependent recoverable deformation under load is called as inelastic deformation.

Creep: Time dependent progressive permanent deformation under constant load is called creep. Stress: When a material is subjected to an external force it will either totally comply with that force and be pushed away or it will set up the internal forces to oppose that forces. Solid materials are generally act wither like a spring when stressed or compressed the internal forces come into play as it is easily seen when spring is released.

A material is subjected to an external force that tends to stretch it is called as tension. Whereas forces which squeeze the material are put in compression. Since strain is the ratio of two lengths so it has no units and it frequently expressed as percentage. If a spring is gradually stretched the force needed to increase but the material spring that to its original shape when the force is increased.

This linear relationship between stress and strain can be shown in the form of a graph as this graph shows that as we increase or decrease the stress the strain also increase or decrease with same proportion respectively. So both are directly proportional to each other. The point at which the straight line behavior ceases is called limit of proportionality. Beyond this the material will not spring back to its original shape and said to exhibit some plastic behavior.

This stress at which the material starts to exhibits permanent deformation is called elastic limit or yield point. If stress is increased beyond yield point the sample will eventually break.

The slope of stress over strain graph varies with stress so we gradually take the slope of initial straight line portion. It is the one of the important property of metals. When metals are heated they expand and become larger while cooling the metals causes them to contract or shrink in size. It is very important for metals that are used in process industry to consider temperature changes and how they affect the metals. Metal density is very important factor in different structures i.

We measure the amount of penetration and then compare it with the standard scale for ferrous metals which are usually harder than the non ferrous metals a diamond strip is used which is indicated by a Rockwell number represented by C. Toughness of metal should be able to absorb energy up to fracture. It enables materials with stand shocks and to be deformed without rupturing when a rod is bend its outer surface is stretches and the inside radius of the rod is compresses the more a material is bends the more outer surface is stretches an inner radius is contracts a tough material is one that gives relatively small changes in length when subjected to tension and compression in the other words the small value of stress over strain.

Tough materials are desirables to vehicles, machines and large structures. Elasticity is the ability of the materials to return in to its original shape after the load is removed theoretically the elastic limit of a material is the limit to which material is loaded and still recovers its original shape after the load is removed. Ductile metals are vitals in creating wires or tubes because of its easy of forming.

While cast iron and cast aluminum very hard steel and glass is the one of the best example of the brittle materials. Generally a brittle metal are very high in the compression strength and in tensile strength. Brittle metals are not suitable for the heavy loads as they could break easily and can cause the damage. Here metals are liquefied and then joined together when it becomes harden it becomes one piece.

Steel liquefy at oF while aluminum alloy at oF. It occurs as the result of the long term exposure to a high level of stress that are below the yield point of the material. Creep is more swear in materials that are subjected to heat for the long periods and near the melting points. Creep deformation is the time dependent deformation. The temperature ranges in which the creep deformation may occur is different in various metals.

Some important non ferrous metals are aluminum, copper, lead, tin and zinc. Aluminum: Aluminum found its maximum use in every field of engineering due to its particular properties softness, lightweight it has become very useful metal in all over the world.

Modified metallurgical processes have improved strength and durability of different metals to such an extent that it has made maximum use of aluminum in engineering processes. Copper: Copper is one of the most widely used metal but due to its high price we use it with some limitations in engineering work.

Tin: Tin is very common metal in the family of non ferrous metals. It is mostly use as a protection layer for the protection of different metals. For examples Sr. Name Composition no. The nickel increases the strength and the elastic limit of the alloys usually nickel steel contains 0.

It is sometimes called high speed steel. Chromium has high affinity for oxygen and forms stable oxides films on the surface of the stainless steel the film is called the passive oxide layer and form instantaneously in ordinary atmosphere this films is self healing and rebuilds when it has been removed this film that gives the stainless steel corrosion resistance in metallurgy stainless steel is also called inox steel or simply inox.

The most widely useful austenitic steel is grade or A2 SS. Increases the chromium a parts increases the resistance to corrosion at elevated temperatures. Ferritic steel have better engineering properties then austenitic steel. Series includes many Ferritic steels. These steels are not corrosion resistance as austenitic steel and Ferritic steels but are extremely strong and tough.

The high carbon content of this steel allows them to response well to the heat treatment to gives various mechanical strength such as hardness.

They have mixed microstructure of the both austenitic stainless steel and Ferritic stainless steel. Lean duplex stainless steel is formulated to have comparable corrosion resistance to the standard austenitic stainless steel but enhanced strength and resistance to stress corrosion cracking.

Super duplex stainless steel have enhanced strength and resistance to other forms of corrosion compared to the austenitic stainless steel. S is a super duplex stainless steel desire to resistance to pitting corrosion and crevice corrosion. For resistance to stress corrosion cracking and for very high strength application include oil and gas industry, offshore, petrochemical plants, desalination plants and mechanical and structural components demanding high strength combine with high corrosion resistance.

The hardness of this alloy depends upon the amount of zinc present. In the most common use of the world this means electrochemical oxidation of the metals with an oxidant such as oxygen formation of oxide of iron due to oxidation of the iron atoms it is a well known example of electrochemical corrosion commonly known as rusting.

It is simply oxidation and reduction occurring uniformly over the surface it results from the direct chemical attack and involve majorly the metal surface in natural environment. Oxygen is the primary cause of the uniform general attack corrosion of steel and other metal alloys general thinning takes place until failure.

It is the most important form of the corrosion however the uniform general attack corrosion is relatively easily measured. It can be practically controlled by the cathode protection use for coating or paints. Galvanic corrosion is refer to the corrosion damage include when two dissimilar metals are coupled in a corrosive electrolyte. When a galvanic couple is forms one of the metals in a couple become anode and corrodes faster than it would by itself while other becomes the cathode slower than it would alone.

Prevention: It can be prevented by insulating the metals keeping metals dry or sheelted from ionic compounds coating, electroplating and choosing metal of similar potential. The driving path or pitting corrosion is due the presence of oxygen around a small area. It can occur in any metal but its most common metals that form the protective oxide film such as aluminum and magnesium alloys. Similar to the dust which blotches surface. When the deposited is clean away tinny holes and split can be seen on the surface.

Pitting corrosion is considered dearer then the uniform general attack corrosion damage because it is more difficult to detect predicts design against corrosion product often cover the Pitts. A small narrow Pitt can lead to the failure of engineering systems.

Prevention: It can be prevented by controlling the alloys environment proper selection of materials with known resistance to environment. Acathodic or anodic protection service using higher alloys for increased resistance. Crevice corrosion is a corrosion occurring in species to which the access of working fluid from the environment is limited.

These species are generally called as crevices and a concentration cell is takes place there it results from relative lack of oxygen in a crevice with the metal in a crevice becomes anodic to metal outside stagnant micro environmental tends to occurs in crevices such as those form under gas kits, washer, insulating material surface deposits, threads, lap joints and clamps.

Prevention: It can be prevented by the liquid removal increasing contents by controlling alloys environmental design vessel from which complete drainage of the liquid may be possible. Use known absorbent gas kit such as Teflon. To composition of the ores between the grains differ from the grains themselves.

The grain boundary and the grain centre react with each other as an anode and cathode when in contact with an electrolyte. It is difficult to detect the Intergranular corrosion in its early stages when the overall lose of thickness remains minimum. It is localized corrosion attack at the adjacent to a grain boundary of an alloy it is typically associated with welding or heat treating problems.

Prevention: It can be controlled by using high temperature solution after heating and welding and also using lower carbon contents to 0. It is caused by the simultaneous effect of tensile stress and corrosive environment. Prevention: It can be prevented by the proper selection of material, remove corrosive environment and use carrion inhibitators. It is a combination of mechanical erosion with chemical or electrochemical reaction.

Erosion corrosion is acceleration in the rate of corrosion attack in the metal due the relative motion corrosive fluid and metal surface. Prevention: It can be prevented by using the appropriate lubricant.

When a liquid is subjected to rapidly changes pressure causing the formation of cavities in low pressure region of liquid. This phenomenon is very common in pump impellers. Prevention: It can be prevented by controlling turbulence and using corrosion inhibitators. It is associated with the welding and heat treatment problems. Prevention: It can be prevented by using high temperature solutions after welding and heat treatment and by using corrosion inhibitators.

Ceramics can be defined as… Solid compound that are formed by the application of heat and sometimes by heat and pressure comparing at least two elements provided one of them is a non-metal and other is a metal or non-metallic elemental solid in other words what is neither a metal, semi-conductor or a polymer is a ceramic in simple ceramics materials are inorganic material that may be a crystalline or partially crystalline they are formed by the action of heat and subsequent cooling-ceramics are usually associated with mixed bonding a combination of ionic, covalent and sometimes metallic bond.

Traditional ceramics usually based on clay and silica there is sometime tendency to equate traditional ceramics with low technology however advanced manufacturing techniques are used.